TektronixメーカーAWG 2021の使用説明書/サービス説明書
ページ先へ移動 of 36
Signals and Measurements for W ireless Communications T esting.
2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Analog Carriers and Modulation 1 Basic Sine Wave Amplitude Modulation (AM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2 AM with Adjacent Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 One of the most challenging tasks in designing wireless communications products is the develop- ment of a rational approach to characterizing and testing components, assemblies, and sub-systems.
4.
5 The best introduction to the AWG is to parallel the procedure of generating a carrier with a conventional signal generator. With a signal generator, one simply enters the carrier frequency and the output ampli- tude, such as 1000 kHz at 0 dBm.
6 A record length must be selected that has an adequate number of points to reconstruct the desired waveform. The waveform period is 1 ms and there are 1000 carrier cycles in this period. A record length of 20,000 points would allocate 20 points per cycle, which adequately over- samples the ideal waveform.
7 A simple addition to the AM signal demonstrates the flexibility of equation-based waveform descriptions. A common task in evaluating receiver performance is to evaluate the effect of adja- cent carriers. For the basic AM signal, one can easily add modu- lated carriers 10 kHz above and below the original signal (Figure 4).
8 Frequency (kHz -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 980 985 990 995 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 Figure 6. Spectrum analyzer plot of the 3 carriers. There are 3 kHz AM on the adjacent carriers and 1 kHz AM on the original carrier. Note the low level of close-in spurious components.
9 Multi-T one T esting 3 The logical extension of adjacent carrier testing is multi-tone test- ing. In addition to simulating multiple carriers in a multi- channel system, multi-tones can quickly test.
10 The 11 tone equation was then modified so that the last 5 tones (71 through 75 MHz) are inverted. The two different multi-tone results are shown in Figure 9. The scope shows that the rms levels of the two signals are identical, but the peak-to- peak values are different.
11 Frequency modulation introduces control of the phase argument, Φ , in the basic carrier equation: A sin ( ω c t + Φ ). FM is implemented by varying Φ in direct proportion to the integral of the modulating signal.
12 While basic single-tone FM is a built-in function of virtually all conventional signal generators, dual- tone FM modulation clearly contrasts the flexibility of the AWG approach.
13 Figure 13. The TDS 744A shows the intermodu- lation performance with expanders disabled and enabled. There is no distortion with the expander disabled. The first order intermodulation products are about 35 dB below the fundamental tones with expanders enabled.
14 A final example of conventional analog modulation combines most of the above techniques to simulate the stereo modulation used in broadcast FM. The modulating signal consists of three components, 1.
15 The resulting 455 kHz signal is mixed up to the broadcast band and inserted into a stereo receiver. The stereo indicator is turned on, and the resulting left and right output signals are captured on the TDS 744A scope (Figure 15). The upper two traces are the right channel (1000 Hz) signal and spectrum.
16 Although the removal of noise is a common design goal, a noise source can be an extremely useful test stimulus or signal impairment. The AWG 2041 provides a built-in noise func- tion, but its characteristics are quite different than traditional sources such as noise diodes.
17 the AWG’s 10 MHz low-pass filter (middle trace). The TDS 744A FFT spectra for the two signals are overlaid below the time domain waveforms. The salient characteristic of the unfiltered noise spectrum is that it rolls off with a (sin x)/x func- tion with the first null at the 32.
18 The AWG’s graphical waveform editor provides a variety of mathematical operators for exist- ing waveforms. Waveforms can be combined with other waveforms, or a waveform can be squared, scaled, differenti- ated, integrated, etc.
19 Digital Phase Modulation — PSK 8 The modulating signals in the foregoing examples have been sinusoidal or continuous wave- forms. A simple step to digital modulation is made with a slight variation to sinusoidal modula- tion. Figure 21 shows one cycle of a sinewave that has been quantized into steps between –0.
20 The record length of 1024 points and a waveform period of 1 µs requires a sampling rate of 1.024 GHz. The resulting carrier frequency is 50 MHz. Since each level represents one of eight states or symbols, 3-bits of data can be transmitted per symbol.
21 Baseband Digital Patterns 9 Before continuing with exam- ples of digital modulation, it is important to establish a method of creating arbitrary test data patterns.
22 The simplest example of digital modulation is to turn the carrier on or off, depending on the state of the modulation data. On-off keying (OOK) can be directly implemented by multiplying a carrier by the 1 or 0 value of the data pattern. This example uses a 10.
23 The modulating data alters the carrier frequency in frequency-shift keying (FSK). A digital modulation index of 0.5 is used in this example; that is, the frequency shift will be 1 ⁄ 2 the 40 kbaud data rate or 20 kHz. If the carrier remains centered at 10.
24 As previously mentioned, the AWG’s two binary marker output signals can be modulated with a data pattern. Figure 30 shows how this can be used as a tool for testing or troubleshooting digital receivers. One marker output is programmed to generate a trigger pulse at the beginning of each 700 µs record (top trace).
25 Multi-level data modulation splits the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier into more than two discrete states. 8-PSK previously demonstrated direct control of the phase Φ in the equation A cos( ω c t + Φ ) ; A was constant. The eight symbols were equally spaced points around the polar axes.
26 Figure 32. Quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signal generated by combining an amplitude modulated cosine carrier (upper) and an amplitude modulated sine carrier. There are 16 symbols, so this is 16-QAM. I In I/Q Modulated RF Out Discrete Q Signal Discrete I Signal Ch.
27 One effect of the edge transitions in digital modulation patterns is a wider than desired occupied spectrum of the transmitted signal. The solution is to filter the baseband digital signal before it modulates the carrier. The two most common filter types for this application are Gaussian and Nyquist filters.
28 The convolution result is 30,000 points long. Note that the impulse response is 2000 points long, which is longer than the 1000 points per data bit. This means that each data bit affects more than the 1000 points that it immediately occupies. Hence, a possible anomaly must be accounted for in the convolution process.
29 Figure 36 compares the original and filtered data patterns. The upper two traces are the unfil- tered data pattern and its spec- trum. The lower two traces are the filtered data pattern and its spectrum. Note how the spec- trum of the filtered version rolls off more quickly.
30 The final example of digital modulation spreads the energy in a BPSK signal by amplitude modulating the carrier with a spreading pattern. In the same way that the baseband data pattern spreads the energy of an unmodulated carrier, a spread- ing pattern further spreads the energy of a modulated carrier.
31 For More Information on T ektronix Instrumentation Tektronix offers a broad line of signal sources and electronic measurement products for engineering, service, and evaluation requirements in virtually every industry.
32 Tektronix AWG Arbitrary Waveform Generators give the most extensive capabilities for editing waveforms, with 8 or 1 2 bits of vertical resolution and waveform frequencies to 500 MHz.
33 The TDS 744A represents the next generation of digitizing scope performance. This versa- tile general-purpose instrument introduces Tek’s new InstaVu ™ acquisition feature and sets a benchmark in waveform capture rate for DSOs.
34.
35.
36 4/97 WCI 76W–10555–1 Copyright © 1997, Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. Tektronix products are covered by U.S. and foreign patents, issued and pending. Information in this publication supersedes that in all previously published material. Specification and price change privileges reserved.
デバイスTektronix AWG 2021の購入後に（又は購入する前であっても）重要なポイントは、説明書をよく読むことです。その単純な理由はいくつかあります：
Tektronix AWG 2021をまだ購入していないなら、この製品の基本情報を理解する良い機会です。まずは上にある説明書の最初のページをご覧ください。そこにはTektronix AWG 2021の技術情報の概要が記載されているはずです。デバイスがあなたのニーズを満たすかどうかは、ここで確認しましょう。Tektronix AWG 2021の取扱説明書の次のページをよく読むことにより、製品の全機能やその取り扱いに関する情報を知ることができます。Tektronix AWG 2021で得られた情報は、きっとあなたの購入の決断を手助けしてくれることでしょう。
Tektronix AWG 2021を既にお持ちだが、まだ読んでいない場合は、上記の理由によりそれを行うべきです。そうすることにより機能を適切に使用しているか、又はTektronix AWG 2021の不適切な取り扱いによりその寿命を短くする危険を犯していないかどうかを知ることができます。
ですが、ユーザガイドが果たす重要な役割の一つは、Tektronix AWG 2021に関する問題の解決を支援することです。そこにはほとんどの場合、トラブルシューティング、すなわちTektronix AWG 2021デバイスで最もよく起こりうる故障・不良とそれらの対処法についてのアドバイスを見つけることができるはずです。たとえ問題を解決できなかった場合でも、説明書にはカスタマー・サービスセンター又は最寄りのサービスセンターへの問い合わせ先等、次の対処法についての指示があるはずです。
